The term “alternative” presupposes a set of undesirable energy technologies against which “alternative energies” are opposed. As such, the list of energy technologies excluded is an indicator of what problems that the alternative technologies are intended to address. Controversies regarding dominant forms of energy and their alternatives have a long history.

By

Anubhav Sharma

Mechanical Engg

NIT jalandhar

Internal Tables

Creating Internal Tables

Types of Internal tables.

Spark ignition engine (SI engine) or petrol engine or gasoline engine was developed by Nikolaus Otto in 1876 and compression ignition engine or diesel engine was developed by Rudolf diesel 1897. Both are internal combustion engine and both are used for transportation. Only difference is method of igniting fuel in them.SI engine uses spark while diesel uses temperature generated by compression of air. When they were first built there fuel efficiency was very less but at that time shortage of fuel as well as pollution (global warming) was not a problem. But as no. of vehicles increases these problems comes into focus. Inventor try to overcome it by increasing the efficiency but after so many years of research and work it has been increased to only about 30 to 35% .researcher are trying to increase its efficiency more but even increasing its efficiency to 5 to 10% more would not help because no. of vehicles are increasing at a faster pace and so the consumption of fuel and global warming. The solution available is electric vehicle. An electric vehicle is vehicle propelled by electric motors there are two commonly available electric vehicle designs for automobiles: Battery electric vehicle or BEVs, which convert chemical energy to electrical energy in batteries; and Hybrid vehicle which convert chemical energy to electrical energy via an internal combustion engine and a generator. Electric vehicles deliver power at high efficiency and they have simple mechanical construction. Electric motors also have the ability to convert movement energy back into electricity, through Regenerative braking. Besides being environment friendly, these vehicles do not depend upon single fuel for generating power. The fuel for them is electrical energy which can be generated from no. of renewable as well as non renewable source. Renewable source including solar energy hydro energy etc. These vehicles also have got drawback of slow speed as well as small range per charge. So considerable research is required before they can actually come and compete internal combustion engines.

Anubhav Sharma

Mechanicla Engg

NIT Jalandhar 

XI URLs

(<host> is the host name of the XI server and <sys#> is its system number)

ABAP Transactions

Administrative Transactions

IDOC Transactions

 By Mittal Bhatt

Software Engg

 XI is an Integration technology and Platform .

• For integrating SAP systems with Non SAP systems .
• For integrating internal(A2A) and external(B2B) applications.
• For synchronous and asynchronous exchange of messages.
• For cross component Business Process Management.

Need for Middleware 

Common definition is that middleware is the “glue” between software components or between software and the network or it is the slash in Client/Server.  

•         This is about those forms of middleware that are used to connect applications to other applications. We generally refer to the use of this type of middleware as Enterprise Application Integration or EAI.  EAI middleware mediates between applications in a number of ways, but most commonly we think in terms of the transformation and routing of data and the orchestration of business process flows.

•         There is the implication here that these applications reside in a heterogeneous world–different operating platforms, disparate data models and data stores, and heterogeneous network and communications protocols.  

Overview of XI 

Success of XI over Other Commercial EAI tools: 

•         Reduced maintenance costs: As the client replaced multiple integration technologies with SAP XI, it gained immediate cost savings by reducing associated maintenance costs. Additionally, the client gained the capability to utilize its manpower more effectively. 

•         Enhanced message monitoring functionality: As SAP XI provides auto handling of persistence of messages, it has enabled the client to monitor and restart failed messages. This has also eliminated the possibility of redundant/duplicate data into the system along with related efforts to identify the same. As all messaging is routed through one system, the client needs to monitor only SAP XI instead of having to monitor four systems: (Web Application system, XML parser application, VB based application) in the existing set up 

•         Enhanced flexibility: The ability to modify applications and add new functionalities without impacting other systems and businesses gave the client tremendous flexibility in reacting to dynamic changes in the market.

•         Standardizes on the technology integration layer that would be used for connectivity between all systems

•         Eliminate the need for “point-to-point” connectivity between systems

•         Achieve a central monitoring of message flow, instead of having to monitor several systems 

Evolution of SAP 

 At first a single database integration in a single centralized data model: In one system with several applications one database, (e.g. an R/3 system with MM, SD, CO, FI, HR, …) with the applications having access to the data structures across the components. Integration in this case is and was fairly easy. 

Then SAP and 3^rd party vendors provided other solutions as e.g. CRM. SRM,.. These solutions and their respective systems needed to be integrated to the ERP environment (e.g. an R/3 backend system). This brought added complexity and the beginning of many individual point-to-point connections. 

With the SAP Exchange Infrastructure and collaborative business, SAP approaches the integration challenge from a different angle. The basic idea is to provided a runtime infrastructure which allows heterogeneous systems to be tied together with fewer connections and at the same time, in order to connect those applications and let message flow from one application to the other, have a centralized storage of the integration knowledge. 

Business drivers of Integration Projects:

•  New Systems haven’t replaced the existing legacy systems 
• Necessity to consolidate and globalize the business 
• Search for increased productivity 
• Raised expectations from Web applications/experiences

Component view of XI

XI is not a single component, but rather a collection of components that work together flexibly to implement integration scenarios.

Integration Builder: A client-server framework for accessing and editing two stores of Shared Collaboration knowledge. It has two parts, which are fat clients to SLD where we can import the objects and use them locally. The basic reason for separating Integration Repository from Integration Directory is because by separating design time activities from configuration time activities, SAP can ship content from the Integration Repository, which each customer can implement for their specific landscape in the Integration Directory.  

Integration Repository: It is used for the design and development of interface, Process and Mapping objects that are used to implement Integration Scenarios. Usually they contain static objects, which can be used for different landscapes by defining the routing rules in Integration Directory. 

Integration Directory: They contain dynamic objects where in we configure scenarios using the objects from Integration Repository and route the messages between systems. 

Integration Server: This component provides run time for XI. This is central processing engine of XI.  

Business Process Engine: Business Process Engine enables SAP Netweaver with BPM capability by processing integration processes at runtime. BPE uses functions of the workflow engine and generates workflow from integration process at runtime.  

Integration Engine: Integration engine enables processing of XML messages that are exchanged between applications in heterogeneous system landscapes. Using adapters such as IDoc, http, it can process IDocs(Intermediate documents), http requests and Remote Function Calls. It is runtime environment of SAP Exchange Infrastructure, which has the task of receiving, processing and forwarding XML messages. Processing is done with the evaluation of Collaboration agreements, by determination of receivers and execution of mapping programs.  

Adapter Engine: Adapter engine is used to connect Integration Engine to SAP systems and external systems. Various types of adapters are provided to convert XML and HTTP based messages to the specific message protocol and format required by the partner systems and vice-versa. It is based on adapter framework, in turn based on SAP J2EE Engine (as part of the SAP Web Application Server) and J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA).

By

Mittal Bhatt

Software Engg

Finish

Press Finish Button To Complete the Setup.

Continued in Part 2